CYTOGENETIC ACTIVITY OF POLLUTANTS BY HEAVY METAL CAUSED BY EMISSIONS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

Abstract

A cytogenetic analysis of meristem cells of T. aestivum L. of primary rootlets, affected by soil heavy metal (HM) contamination in the industrial zones of instrument engineering companies in Poltava city, a garbage processing company in Khrakiv city, a machine-building company in Mariupol city, a construction material company in Poltava city, an instrument- and machine building company in Luhansk city, a water supply company in Lubny city and the territory near B. Khmelnytskyi Street in Kostiantynivka, was made. The frequency of aberrant cells of sprout root meristem of cultivar Al’batros odes’kyi was 1.37-2.30 % and that of cultivar Zymoiarka – 1.22-1.84 %, which exceeded the indicators of a background level by 1.9-3 and 1.6-2,5 times, correspondingly (Svatky village, Poltava region). Soil contamination with HM in the industrial zones and the areas affected by industrial releases resulted in a wide spectrum of cytogenetic disorders: fragmentation, advance and lagging chromosomes, formation of chromosome and chromatid bridges, ring chromosomes, micronuclei. A significant increase of the cells with advance and lagging chromosomes was seen under the effect of HM soil contamination of the industrial zones of machine-building companies in Mariupol city, instrument engineering companies in Poltava city, a water supply company in Lubny city and the territory near B. Khmel’nytskyi Street in Kostiantynivka, Cd, Pb і Zn predominating among them. The induction with high frequency of aneuploid cells shows active interaction of HM with the threads of spindle division which allows using the violation fact of chromosome segregation as an indicator of HM contamination of the environment. As a result of wheat seed sprouting in the soil with the highest HM content (garbage processing companies in Khrakiv city, machine-building companies in Mariupol city, instrument engineering companies in Poltava city, a water supply company in Lubny city and the territory near B. Khmelnytskyi Street in Kostiantynivka), besides mentioned-above chromosome aberrations and mitosis pathology in meristem cells, the following complicated cytogenetic disorders occurred: single/pair fragments and bridge; pair fragments and lagging chromosomes; pair fragments, bridge and ring chromosome; pair fragments, chromosome bridge and micronucleus.